Missing Data & Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations

To prepare the data for initial exploratory analysis, data set elements are output to assess data structure and identify duplicated rows. Moreover, the column binomial is excluded as a feature and the explanatory variables Key, Audio Mode, and Time signature are transformed to factor which best reflects the data type of the audio features.

paste0("The data on Spotify music has ", nrow(data), " rows and ", ncol(data), " columns.")
## [1] "The data on Spotify music has 13205 rows and 16 columns."

Variables

paste0("There are ", length(unique(sapply(data, class))), " unique data types.")
## [1] "There are 3 unique data types."
str(data)
## 'data.frame':    13205 obs. of  16 variables:
##  $ song_name       : chr  "2:00 AM" "03:15" "06:30" "9.13" ...
##  $ song_popularity : int  57 76 74 26 53 53 54 54 32 46 ...
##  $ Duration_ms     : num  190217 167018 213000 55720 205370 ...
##  $ Acousticness    : num  0.119 0.385 0.149 0.975 0.877 0.877 0.0586 0.0586 0.00274 0.175 ...
##  $ Danceability    : num  0.663 0.651 0.757 0.289 0.483 0.483 0.501 0.501 0.662 0.923 ...
##  $ Energy          : num  0.762 0.654 0.579 0.451 0.305 0.305 0.9 0.9 0.736 0.498 ...
##  $ Instrumentalness: num  0.00 0.00 0.00 9.42e-01 6.78e-05 6.78e-05 0.00 0.00 8.44e-04 0.00 ...
##  $ Key             : int  0 1 1 2 11 11 11 NA 7 6 ...
##  $ Liveness        : num  0.161 0.181 0.0543 0.222 0.126 0.126 0.218 0.218 0.0464 0.0545 ...
##  $ Loudness        : num  -3.33 -5.48 -3.83 -15.01 -8.15 ...
##  $ Audio_mode      : int  1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 ...
##  $ Speechiness     : num  0.0435 0.0466 0.0809 0.0538 0.268 0.268 0.0433 0.0433 0.0374 0.364 ...
##  $ Tempo           : num  140 142 100 131.7 79.5 ...
##  $ Time_signature  : int  4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 ...
##  $ Audio_valence   : num  0.321 0.539 0.56 0.59 NA 0.273 0.943 0.943 0.674 0.849 ...
##  $ binomial        : int  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
data <- data |> 
  select(-binomial)

data <- mutate_at(data, vars(Key, Audio_mode, Time_signature),
                    as.factor)

To clean the data set, duplicated rows are identified and removed, measurement or data entry errors are screened and missing values are tabulated to capture the extent of missing data across the variables.

duplicated.rows <- data[duplicated(data), ]

paste0("The data set has ", nrow(duplicated.rows), " duplicated rows.")
## [1] "The data set has 889 duplicated rows."
data.cleaned <- distinct(data)

paste0("The dimensions of the cleaned data set are ", nrow(data.cleaned), " rows and ", ncol(data.cleaned), " columns.")
## [1] "The dimensions of the cleaned data set are 12316 rows and 15 columns."

To assess and remedy variables with ‘bad’ data characteristics which encompasses inaccuracy, inconsistency, incompleteness, invalidity or non-uniformity, summary statistics for each column are diagnosed for errors and inconsistencies.

The appropriate ranges and units of measure for the 15 attributes include:

Song Popularity: 0 - 100 (integer)

Duration ms: 0+ (integer)

Acousticness: 0.0 - 1.0 (numeric)

Danceability: 0.0 - 1.0 (numeric)

Energy: 0.0 - 1.0 (numeric)

Instrumentalness: 0.0 - 1.0 (numeric)

Key: 0, 1, 2, 7 and 9 (factor)

Liveness: 0.0 - 1.0 (numeric)

Loudness: -60 - 0 (numeric)

Audio Mode: 0 and 1 (factor)

Speechiness: 0.0 - 1.0 (numeric)

Tempo: 0+ (integer)

Time Signature: 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 (factor)

Audio Valence: 0.0 - 1.0 (numeric)

summary(data.cleaned)
##   song_name         song_popularity   Duration_ms       Acousticness    
##  Length:12316       Min.   :  0.00   Min.   :-318166   Min.   :-1.0000  
##  Class :character   1st Qu.: 40.00   1st Qu.: 184019   1st Qu.: 0.0234  
##  Mode  :character   Median : 54.00   Median : 211600   Median : 0.1330  
##                     Mean   : 51.75   Mean   : 218139   Mean   : 0.2623  
##                     3rd Qu.: 67.00   3rd Qu.: 243718   3rd Qu.: 0.4450  
##                     Max.   :100.00   Max.   :1355938   Max.   : 1.9750  
##                                      NA's   :685       NA's   :639      
##   Danceability        Energy       Instrumentalness      Key      
##  Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.0011   Min.   :0.0000   1      :1348  
##  1st Qu.:0.5308   1st Qu.:0.5030   1st Qu.:0.0000   0      :1347  
##  Median :0.6410   Median :0.6720   Median :0.0000   7      :1277  
##  Mean   :0.6301   Mean   :0.6409   Mean   :0.0827   9      :1094  
##  3rd Qu.:0.7450   3rd Qu.:0.8110   3rd Qu.:0.0035   2      :1047  
##  Max.   :0.9810   Max.   :0.9990   Max.   :0.9890   (Other):5583  
##  NA's   :632      NA's   :1051     NA's   :643      NA's   : 620  
##     Liveness         Loudness       Audio_mode  Speechiness    
##  Min.   :0.0119   Min.   :-35.449   0:4539     Min.   :0.0000  
##  1st Qu.:0.0926   1st Qu.: -9.169   1:7777     1st Qu.:0.0376  
##  Median :0.1210   Median : -6.628              Median :0.0548  
##  Mean   :0.1795   Mean   : -7.517              Mean   :0.1006  
##  3rd Qu.:0.2230   3rd Qu.: -4.936              3rd Qu.:0.1150  
##  Max.   :0.9860   Max.   :  1.342              Max.   :0.9400  
##  NA's   :639      NA's   :666                  NA's   :629     
##      Tempo         Time_signature Audio_valence   
##  Min.   :-169.04   0   :    2     Min.   :0.0000  
##  1st Qu.:  98.01   1   :   59     1st Qu.:0.3370  
##  Median : 120.02   3   :  503     Median :0.5310  
##  Mean   : 120.77   4   :10960     Mean   :0.5301  
##  3rd Qu.: 139.93   5   :  145     3rd Qu.:0.7290  
##  Max.   : 242.32   NA's:  647     Max.   :0.9820  
##  NA's   :636                      NA's   :659
measurement.errors <- data.cleaned |>
  select(Duration_ms, Acousticness, Loudness, Tempo, Time_signature)

row.count <- n_case_miss(measurement.errors)

paste0("There are ", row.count, " rows with measurement or data entry errors across the features Duration ms, Acousticness, Loudness, Tempo and Time Signature.")
## [1] "There are 2987 rows with measurement or data entry errors across the features Duration ms, Acousticness, Loudness, Tempo and Time Signature."

A summary of the data reveals that there are measurement or data entry errors across the variables Duration ms (685 observations), Acousticness (639 observations), Loudness (666 observations), Tempo (636 observations) and Time Signature (647 observations). Of the 12,316 songs there are 3,273 distinct data points with values that are not consistent with the specified measurement ranges. To remedy the inaccurate measurements, the values are transformed to NA values to further determine whether the data set’s missing values are missing at random (MAR), missing completely at random (MCAR) or not missing at random (NMAR). The missing data mechanisms describe possible relationships between the observed data points, unobserved features and missing values. Thereafter, the appropriate imputation method will be selected to best prepare the entire data set for statistical machine learning.

data.cleaned$Duration_ms[data.cleaned$Duration_ms < 0] <- NA

data.cleaned$Acousticness[data.cleaned$Acousticness < 0 | data.cleaned$Acousticness > 1] <- NA

data.cleaned$Loudness[data.cleaned$Loudness > 1] <- NA

data.cleaned$Tempo[data.cleaned$Tempo < 0] <- NA

data.cleaned$Time_signature[data.cleaned$Time_signature == 0 | data.cleaned$Time_signature == 1] <- NA

The 5 observed columns had varying counts of inaccurate measurements.

Duration_ms: 5

Acousticness: 128

Loudness: 1

Tempo: 14

Time Signature: 61

209 data points were cumulatively amended.

measurement.errors2 <- data.cleaned |>
  select(Duration_ms, Acousticness, Loudness, Tempo, Time_signature)

summary(measurement.errors2)
##   Duration_ms       Acousticness       Loudness           Tempo       
##  Min.   :  12000   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :-35.449   Min.   :  0.00  
##  1st Qu.: 184042   1st Qu.:0.0241   1st Qu.: -9.169   1st Qu.: 98.02  
##  Median : 211666   Median :0.1340   Median : -6.629   Median :120.03  
##  Mean   : 218341   Mean   :0.2626   Mean   : -7.518   Mean   :121.06  
##  3rd Qu.: 243732   3rd Qu.:0.4430   3rd Qu.: -4.938   3rd Qu.:139.94  
##  Max.   :1355938   Max.   :0.9960   Max.   :  0.878   Max.   :242.32  
##  NA's   :690       NA's   :767      NA's   :667       NA's   :650     
##  Time_signature
##  0   :    0    
##  1   :    0    
##  3   :  503    
##  4   :10960    
##  5   :  145    
##  NA's:  708    
## 
paste0("There are ", sum(is.na(data.cleaned)), " missing values across the data set.")
## [1] "There are 8355 missing values across the data set."
missing.data.summary <- miss_var_summary(data.cleaned)

missing.data.summary <- missing.data.summary |>
  rename(
    Variable = variable,
    Count = n_miss,
    Percentage = pct_miss
  )

kable(missing.data.summary)
Variable Count Percentage
Energy 1051 8.53
Acousticness 767 6.23
Time_signature 708 5.75
Duration_ms 690 5.60
Loudness 667 5.42
Audio_valence 659 5.35
Tempo 650 5.28
Instrumentalness 643 5.22
Liveness 639 5.19
Danceability 632 5.13
Speechiness 629 5.11
Key 620 5.03
song_name 0 0
song_popularity 0 0
Audio_mode 0 0

The audio feature with the most missing data points and highest percentage of missing values is Energy. 1051 observations are missing which accounts for 8.53% of the variable. 11 attributes have a relatively similar count and percentage of missing values which range between 620 - 767 (difference of 47 values) and 5.03% - 6.23% (difference of 1.20%) respectively.

gg_miss_var(data.cleaned) +
  ggtitle("Missing Data Summary") +  
  xlab("Variables") +               
  ylab("Count of Missing Values") + 
  theme_minimal() +                  
  theme(
    axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1),  
    plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5)               
  ) 

Of the 15 variables, 12 have missing values. Song name, Song popularity and Audio mode do not have missing values. Moreover, the introduction of null values increases the total percentage of missing values to 4.4.

A geom_miss_upset() plot helpfully visualises observations with missing values in a structured and comparable manor.

To synthesis the missing data mechanisms, all audio features with missing values are grouped according to song structure and technical elements, production characteristics, and musical feel and perceptual attributes.

Song structure and technical elements

Production charactersitics

Musical feel and perceptual attributes

gg_miss_upset(data.cleaned, nsets = n_var_miss(data.cleaned)) 

geom_miss_point() plots are a useful approach to further explore the three missing data mechanisms (MCAR, MAR, NMAR) and distribution of all the observations for each audio feature.

Duration ms

Majority of the songs appear to approximately range between 100,000 and 300,000 milliseconds. There are visible outliers with track lengths that surpass 400,000 milliseconds. Of the observations with missing values, song popularity is concentrated around the scores that roughly lie from 50 to 75.

ggplot(data.cleaned, aes(x = song_popularity, y = Duration_ms)) +
  theme_minimal() +
  geom_miss_point() +
  labs(
    x = "Song Popularity",
    y = "Milliseconds"
  ) +
  scale_y_continuous(
    breaks = seq(0, max(data.cleaned$Duration_ms, na.rm = TRUE), by = 200000),
    labels = label_comma()
  ) +
  scale_x_continuous(
    breaks = seq(0, max(data.cleaned$song_popularity, na.rm = TRUE), by = 10),
    labels = label_comma()
  ) +
  guides(
    color = guide_legend(title = "Value Type", 
                         title.theme = element_text(family = "sans", 
                                                    face = "bold",
                                                    size = 10))
  ) + 
  ggtitle("Duration ms") +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", hjust = 0.5, size = 14, colour = "black"),
    axis.title.x = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", size = 10, colour = "black"),
    axis.title.y = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", size = 10, colour = "black"),
    axis.text = element_text(family = "sans", hjust = 0.5, size = 9, face = "bold", colour = "black"),
    legend.text = element_text(family = "sans", size = 10)
  )

Acousticness

Observations appear to be randomly distributed across the Acousticness confidence measure. The bulk of data points along the y-axis roughly range between 0.00 and 0.30 and have a song popularity score in the region of 45 to 85.

ggplot(data.cleaned, aes(x = song_popularity, y = Acousticness)) +
  theme_minimal() +
  geom_miss_point() +
  labs(
    x = "Song Popularity",
    y = "Confidence Measure"
  ) +
  ggtitle("Acousticness") +
  scale_x_continuous(
    breaks = seq(0, max(data.cleaned$song_popularity, na.rm = TRUE), by = 10),
    labels = label_comma()
  ) +
  scale_y_continuous(
    breaks = seq(0, max(data.cleaned$Acousticness, na.rm = TRUE), by = 0.10),
    labels = label_comma()
  ) +
  guides(
    color = guide_legend(title = "Value Type", 
                         title.theme = element_text(family = "sans", 
                                                    face = "bold",
                                                    size = 10))
  ) + 
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", hjust = 0.5, size = 14, colour = "black"),
    axis.title.x = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", size = 10, colour = "black"),
    axis.title.y = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", size = 10, colour = "black"),
    axis.text = element_text(family = "sans", hjust = 0.5, size = 9, face = "bold", colour = "black"),
    legend.text = element_text(family = "sans", size = 10)
  )

Danceability

Observations for the attribute Danceability are randomly scattered however similarly to the distribution of Acousticness data points, a large portion of values approximately range between 0.00 and 0.30. There is visible sparseness of observations that have a song popularity score that lie from 0 to 30. Moreover, of the observations with missing values, song popularity is concentrated around the scores in the region of 42 to 85.

ggplot(data.cleaned, aes(x = song_popularity, y = Danceability)) +
  theme_minimal() +
  geom_miss_point() +
labs(
  x = "Song Popularity",
  y = "Confidence Measure"
) +
  ggtitle("Danceability") +
  scale_x_continuous(
    breaks = seq(0, max(data.cleaned$song_popularity, na.rm = TRUE), by = 10),
    labels = label_comma()
  ) +
  scale_y_continuous(
    breaks = seq(0, max(data.cleaned$Danceability, na.rm = TRUE), by = 0.10),
    labels = label_comma()
  ) +
  guides(
    color = guide_legend(title = "Value Type", 
                         title.theme = element_text(family = "sans", 
                                                    face = "bold",
                                                    size = 10))
  ) + 
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", hjust = 0.5, size = 14, colour = "black"),
    axis.title.x = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", size = 10, colour = "black"),
    axis.title.y = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", size = 10, colour = "black"),
    axis.text = element_text(family = "sans", hjust = 0.5, size = 9, face = "bold", colour = "black"),
    legend.text = element_text(family = "sans", size = 10)
  )

Energy

A demonstrable concentration of observations is exhibited for observations with an Energy confidence measure in the region of 0.27 and 1.0, and a song popularity score that approximately ranges between 30 and 80. Of the observations with missing values, song popularity is concentrated around the scores that roughly lie from 32 to 79.

ggplot(data.cleaned, aes(x = song_popularity, y = Energy)) +
  theme_minimal() +
  geom_miss_point() +
  labs(
    x = "Song Popularity",
    y = "Confidence Measure"
  ) +
  ggtitle("Energy") +
  scale_x_continuous(
    breaks = seq(0, max(data.cleaned$song_popularity, na.rm = TRUE), by = 10),
    labels = label_comma()
  ) +
  scale_y_continuous(
    breaks = seq(0, max(data.cleaned$Energy, na.rm = TRUE), by = 0.10),
    labels = label_comma()
  ) +
  guides(
    color = guide_legend(title = "Value Type", 
                         title.theme = element_text(family = "sans", 
                                                    face = "bold",
                                                    size = 10))
  ) + 
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", hjust = 0.5, size = 14, colour = "black"),
    axis.title.x = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", size = 10, colour = "black"),
    axis.title.y = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", size = 10, colour = "black"),
    axis.text = element_text(family = "sans", hjust = 0.5, size = 9, face = "bold", colour = "black"),
    legend.text = element_text(family = "sans", size = 10)
  )

Instrumentalness

The Instrumentalness data points do not visualise a discernible pattern however a series of observations are visible along 0.00 up to 0.05. The values stretch across the x-axis indicating that song popularity scores are wide spread. There are two distinct outliers with approximate confidence measures of 0.08 and 0.39 with song popularity scores of 92 and 95 respectively. Of the observations with missing values, song popularity is concentrated around the region of 35 and 88.

ggplot(data.cleaned, aes(x = song_popularity, y = Instrumentalness)) +
  theme_minimal() +
  geom_miss_point() +
  labs(
    x = "Song Popularity",
    y = "Confidence Measure"
  ) +
  scale_y_continuous(
    breaks = seq(0, max(data.cleaned$Instrumentalness, na.rm = TRUE), by = 0.10),
    labels = label_comma()
  ) +
  ggtitle("Instrumentalness") +
  scale_x_continuous(
    breaks = seq(0, max(data.cleaned$song_popularity, na.rm = TRUE), by = 10),
    labels = label_comma()
  ) +
  guides(
    color = guide_legend(title = "Value Type", 
                         title.theme = element_text(family = "sans", 
                                                    face = "bold",
                                                    size = 10))
  ) + 
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", hjust = 0.5, size = 14, colour = "black"),
    axis.title.x = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", size = 10, colour = "black"),
    axis.title.y = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", size = 10, colour = "black"),
    axis.text = element_text(family = "sans", hjust = 0.5, size = 9, face = "bold", colour = "black"),
    legend.text = element_text(family = "sans", size = 10)
  )

Liveness

Majority of the Liveness observations are below the 0.8 threshold which strongly suggests that the song may not be a live performance. There appears to be a concentration of data points with confidence measures ranging between 0.02 and 0.15 which begin at a song popularity score of 0. Thereafter, the measured observations increase and then relatively stagnate around 0.40, up to a song popularity score of 80. Of the observations with missing values, song popularity is concentrated around the region of 30 and 85.

ggplot(data.cleaned, aes(x = song_popularity, y = Liveness)) +
  theme_minimal() +
  geom_miss_point() +
  labs(
    x = "Song Popularity",
    y = "Confidence Measure"
  ) +
  ggtitle("Liveness") +
  scale_y_continuous(
    breaks = seq(0, max(data.cleaned$Liveness, na.rm = TRUE), by = 0.10),
    labels = label_comma()
  ) +
  scale_x_continuous(
    breaks = seq(0, max(data.cleaned$song_popularity, na.rm = TRUE), by = 10),
    labels = label_comma()
  ) +
  guides(
    color = guide_legend(title = "Value Type", 
                         title.theme = element_text(family = "sans", 
                                                    face = "bold",
                                                    size = 10))
  ) + 
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", hjust = 0.5, size = 14, colour = "black"),
    axis.title.x = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", size = 10, colour = "black"),
    axis.title.y = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", size = 10, colour = "black"),
    axis.text = element_text(family = "sans", hjust = 0.5, size = 9, face = "bold", colour = "black"),
    legend.text = element_text(family = "sans", size = 10)
  )

Loudness

The overall loudness of the observations appear to be concentrated between -15dB and 0 which is indicative of observations that are moderately to maximally calibrated. Of the observations with missing values, song popularity is concentrated around the scores that roughly lie from 34 to 83.

ggplot(data.cleaned, aes(x = song_popularity, y = Loudness)) +
  theme_minimal() +
  geom_miss_point() +
  labs(
    x = "Song Popularity",
    y = "Decibel (dB)"
  ) +
  ggtitle("Loudness") +
  scale_x_continuous(
    breaks = seq(0, max(data.cleaned$song_popularity, na.rm = TRUE), by = 10),
    labels = label_comma()
  ) +
  guides(
    color = guide_legend(title = "Value Type", 
                         title.theme = element_text(family = "sans", 
                                                    face = "bold",
                                                    size = 10))
  ) + 
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", hjust = 0.5, size = 14, colour = "black"),
    axis.title.x = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", size = 10, colour = "black"),
    axis.title.y = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", size = 10, colour = "black"),
    axis.text = element_text(family = "sans", hjust = 0.5, size = 9, face = "bold", colour = "black"),
    legend.text = element_text(family = "sans", size = 10)
  )

Speechiness

There are evident outliers with confidence measures above 0.50 and have varying values along the x-axis. Majority of the observations have a song popularity score that ranges between 30 and 85. Of the observations with missing values, song popularity is concentrated around the scores that roughly lie from 40 to 82.

ggplot(data.cleaned, aes(x = song_popularity, y = Speechiness)) +
  theme_minimal() +
  geom_miss_point() +
  labs(
    x = "Song Popularity",
    y = "Confidence Measure"
  ) +
  ggtitle("Speechiness") +
  scale_y_continuous(
    breaks = seq(0, max(data.cleaned$Speechiness, na.rm = TRUE), by = 0.10),
    labels = label_comma()
  ) +
  scale_x_continuous(
    breaks = seq(0, max(data.cleaned$song_popularity, na.rm = TRUE), by = 10),
    labels = label_comma()
  ) +
  guides(
    color = guide_legend(title = "Value Type", 
                         title.theme = element_text(family = "sans", 
                                                    face = "bold",
                                                    size = 10))
  ) + 
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", hjust = 0.5, size = 14, colour = "black"),
    axis.title.x = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", size = 10, colour = "black"),
    axis.title.y = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", size = 10, colour = "black"),
    axis.text = element_text(family = "sans", hjust = 0.5, size = 9, face = "bold", colour = "black"),
    legend.text = element_text(family = "sans", size = 10)
  )

Tempo

There are two distinct outliers with BPM values that are approximately 0 and 242. The other observations that marginally differ from majority of the data points are roughly 5-40 beats per minute greater than or less than the dominant share. The average beat duration of the sampled songs range between 80 and 190. Of the observations with missing values, song popularity is concentrated around the scores in the region of 40 to 80.

ggplot(data.cleaned, aes(x = song_popularity, y = Tempo)) +
  theme_minimal() +
  geom_miss_point() +
  labs(
    x = "Song Popularity",
    y = "Tempo"
  ) +
  ggtitle("Tempo") +
  scale_y_continuous(
    breaks = seq(0, max(data.cleaned$Tempo, na.rm = TRUE), by = 20),
    labels = label_comma()
  ) +
  scale_x_continuous(
    breaks = seq(0, max(data.cleaned$song_popularity, na.rm = TRUE), by = 10),
    labels = label_comma()
  ) +
  guides(
    color = guide_legend(title = "Value Type", 
                         title.theme = element_text(family = "sans", 
                                                    face = "bold",
                                                    size = 10))
  ) + 
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", hjust = 0.5, size = 14, colour = "black"),
    axis.title.x = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", size = 10, colour = "black"),
    axis.title.y = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", size = 10, colour = "black"),
    axis.text = element_text(family = "sans", hjust = 0.5, size = 9, face = "bold", colour = "black"),
    legend.text = element_text(family = "sans", size = 10)
  )

Audio Valence

The data set samples for the audio feature Audio Valence are randomly scattered across the x-axis and y-axis. Sparsely scattered data points are noticeable between the approximate song popularity scores of 0 and 30 as well as songs with a score roughly greater than 80. Of the observations with missing values, song popularity is concentrated around the scores that approximately fall between 37 and 78.

ggplot(data.cleaned, aes(x = song_popularity, y = Audio_valence)) +
  theme_minimal() +
  geom_miss_point() +
  labs(
    x = "Song Popularity",
    y = "Confidence Measure"
  ) +
  ggtitle("Audio Valence") +
  scale_x_continuous(
    breaks = seq(0, max(data.cleaned$song_popularity, na.rm = TRUE), by = 10),
    labels = label_comma()
  ) +
  scale_y_continuous(
    breaks = seq(0, max(data.cleaned$Audio_valence, na.rm = TRUE), by = 0.10),
    labels = label_comma()
  ) +
  guides(
    color = guide_legend(title = "Value Type", 
                         title.theme = element_text(family = "sans", 
                                                    face = "bold",
                                                    size = 10))
  ) + 
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", hjust = 0.5, size = 14, colour = "black"),
    axis.title.x = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", size = 10, colour = "black"),
    axis.title.y = element_text(family = "sans", face = "bold", size = 10, colour = "black"),
    axis.text = element_text(family = "sans", hjust = 0.5, size = 9, face = "bold", colour = "black"),
    legend.text = element_text(family = "sans", size = 10)
  )

To view the distribution of the categorical variables Key, Audio mode and Time Signature, three box plots are visualised and a summary of the descriptive statistics are output as a matrix.

Time Signature

10,960 samples have four beats in a bar. None of the notational conventions have outliers moreover, the median across the time signatures are relatively similar. Songs with 4/4 and 5/4 notations have the same first and third quartile values.

NMAR or MAR are the most likely missing data mechanisms as missing values may be distributed systematically owing to observations that have NA values across the audio feature Tempo. Tempo similarly accounts for track speed specifically the average beat duration of a song. However, as there are likely ample valid data points, missing values can be estimated (MAR).

boxplot(song_popularity~Time_signature, 
        data = data.cleaned,
        col = "#66b2b2", 
        main = "Time Signature", xlab = "Time Signature",
        ylab = "Song Popularity")

time.signature.stats <- boxplot(song_popularity ~ Time_signature, 
                    data = data.cleaned, 
                    plot = FALSE)

time.signature.stats
## $stats
##      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
## [1,]   NA   NA    0    0    0
## [2,]   NA   NA   34   40   40
## [3,]   NA   NA   51   55   53
## [4,]   NA   NA   64   67   67
## [5,]   NA   NA   91  100   94
## 
## $n
## [1]     0     0   503 10960   145
## 
## $conf
##      [,1] [,2]     [,3]     [,4]     [,5]
## [1,]   NA   NA 48.88654 54.59251 49.45728
## [2,]   NA   NA 53.11346 55.40749 56.54272
## 
## $out
## numeric(0)
## 
## $group
## numeric(0)
## 
## $names
## [1] "0" "1" "3" "4" "5"

Audio Mode

The descriptive statistics on song modality are relatively similar. A difference of one distinguishes the first quartile figures and a difference of two contrasts the maximum values. There are 7,777 songs that have a melodic tone derived from a major scale which is 63.15 percent of the data set’s samples. Approximately, for every 100 songs written using a minor scale, there are 171 tracks composed using a major scale.

boxplot(song_popularity~Audio_mode, data = data.cleaned, col = "#66b2b2", 
        main = "Audio Mode", xlab = "Audio Mode",
        ylab = "Song Popularity")

audio.mode.stats <- boxplot(song_popularity ~ Audio_mode, 
                    data = data.cleaned, 
                    plot = FALSE)

audio.mode.stats
## $stats
##      [,1] [,2]
## [1,]    0    0
## [2,]   40   39
## [3,]   54   54
## [4,]   67   67
## [5,]   98  100
## 
## $n
## [1] 4539 7777
## 
## $conf
##         [,1]     [,2]
## [1,] 53.3668 53.49834
## [2,] 54.6332 54.50166
## 
## $out
## numeric(0)
## 
## $group
## numeric(0)
## 
## $names
## [1] "0" "1"

Key

All keys have a relatively wide distribution of popularity scores, and the median value across the keys fall within a narrow range from 53 to 56. There are five keys with over 1,000 songs likely suggesting a composition preference among artists. Key 0 has the highest frequency which consists of 1,347 tracks. Key 3, 6, 8, 10 and 11 show clusters of low outliers.

As all Audio Mode observations are exhaustive missing values in the Key column may likely be MAR. In addition to Audio Valence other attributes with valid data points could helpfully predict the correct Key. However, NMAR may likely be plausible as the inability of speech detection algorithms to signal the presence of spoken word in a song could affect the categorisation of a standard Pitch Class notation.

boxplot(song_popularity~Key, data = data.cleaned, col = "#66b2b2", 
        main = "Key", xlab = "Key",
        ylab = "Song Popularity")

key.stats <- boxplot(song_popularity ~ Key, 
                    data = data.cleaned, 
                    plot = FALSE)

key.stats
## $stats
##      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10] [,11] [,12]
## [1,]    0    0    0    2    0    0    3    0    1     0     1     2
## [2,]   39   42   39   39   39   39   42   38   40    39    40    41
## [3,]   55   56   53   53   54   54   55   53   54    53    54    56
## [4,]   68   70   67   64   67   67   68   65   66    65    66    67
## [5,]   95   98   99   93   97  100   98   94   97    96    96    98
## 
## $n
##  [1] 1347 1348 1047  327  823  972  820 1277  842 1094  825  974
## 
## $conf
##          [,1]     [,2]     [,3]     [,4]     [,5]   [,6]     [,7]     [,8]
## [1,] 53.75155 54.79505 51.63277 50.81565 52.45789 52.581 53.56542 51.80622
## [2,] 56.24845 57.20495 54.36723 55.18435 55.54211 55.419 56.43458 54.19378
##          [,9]  [,10]    [,11]    [,12]
## [1,] 52.58429 51.758 52.56978 54.68371
## [2,] 55.41571 54.242 55.43022 57.31629
## 
## $out
##  [1] 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [39] 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
## 
## $group
##  [1]  4  4  4  7  7  7  7  7  7  7  7  7  7  7  7  7  7  7  7  7  9  9  9  9  9
## [26]  9  9  9  9  9  9  9  9  9 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
## [51] 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
## 
## $names
##  [1] "0"  "1"  "2"  "3"  "4"  "5"  "6"  "7"  "8"  "9"  "10" "11"

The vis_miss() plot exhibits a general pattern of missing values. The missing values are visibly scattered throughout the entire data matrix therefore, multiple imputation by chain equations (MICE) would suitably resolve missing values with the aforementioned configuration. The validity of statistical inferences would consequently be preserved (Enders 2022, p.2-3).

Predictor subgroups could potentially account for the missing observations. To mitigate modelling bias and enhance prediction precision, plausible data subsets of varying data types are computed iteratively and conditionally to best reflect existing relationships among the independent variables. Information from every variable is incorporated to formulate multivariate imputation by chained equations equations.

vis_miss(data.cleaned) +
  scale_fill_manual(values = c("black", "yellow"))
## Scale for fill is already present.
## Adding another scale for fill, which will replace the existing scale.

Removing observations that have at least three missing values is favorable. The extent of missing values across the 12 columns challenges the validity of data points that are present which will be drawn on to estimate and substitute missing values. Derived predictions from the MICE imputation may likely be laden with errors and biases which would consequently affect the generalisability of the results. Moreover, the inclusion of observations with non-exhaustive values may undermine the inherent variance of the original distribution. Listwise deletion may unlikely impact variable associations and interactions negatively, and subsequently distort song popularity predictions. A missing rate less than five percent is inconsequential (Schafer 1999).

na.values <- data.cleaned[rowSums(is.na(data.cleaned)) >= 3, ]

paste0("There are ", nrow(na.values), " observations with at least three missing values which is ", round(nrow(na.values)/12316*100, 2), " percent of the data set.")
## [1] "There are 288 observations with at least three missing values which is 2.34 percent of the data set."
data.cleaned2 <- data.cleaned[!rowSums(is.na(data.cleaned)) >= 3, ]

paste0("Dataframe dimensions of the cleaned data updates are ", nrow(data.cleaned2), " rows and ", ncol(data.cleaned2), " columns.")
## [1] "Dataframe dimensions of the cleaned data updates are 12028 rows and 15 columns."

To prepare for MICE imputation, a method stored as a vetor is created to more accurately compute the predictions according to each variable’s data type. ‘pmm’ is applied to integer and numeric variables, ‘logreg’ to binary variables and ‘polyreg’ to factor variables with more than two levels. Moreover, 30 multiple imputations and 30 iterations are calculated.

data.imput <- data.cleaned2 |>
  select(-song_name)

method.vector <- c(Song_popularity = "pmm",
                   Duration_ms = "pmm",
                   Acousticness = "pmm",
                   Danceability = "pmm",
                   Energy = "pmm",
                   Instrumentalness = "pmm",
                   Key = "polyreg",
                   Liveness = "pmm",
                   Loudness = "pmm",
                   Audio_mode = "logreg",
                   Speechiness = "pmm",
                   Tempo = "pmm",
                   Time_signature = "polyreg",
                   Audio_valence = "pmm")

mice.imputation <- mice(data = data.imput,
                        method = method.vector,
                        m = 30,
                        maxit = 30,
                        seed = 1234)
## 
##  iter imp variable
##   1   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   1   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   2   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   3   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   4   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   5   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   6   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   7   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   8   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   9   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   10   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   11   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   12   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   13   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   14   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   15   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   16   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   17   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   18   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   19   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   20   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   21   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   22   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   23   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   24   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   25   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   26   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   27   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   28   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   29   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   1  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   2  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   3  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   4  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   5  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   6  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   7  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   8  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   9  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   10  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   11  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   12  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   13  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   14  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   15  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   16  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   17  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   18  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   19  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   20  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   21  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   22  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   23  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   24  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   25  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   26  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   27  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   28  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   29  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
##   30   30  Duration_ms  Acousticness  Danceability  Energy  Instrumentalness  Key  Liveness  Loudness  Speechiness  Tempo  Time_signature  Audio_valence
## Warning: Number of logged events: 9900

To evaluate the imputed values a stripplot is visualised. The imputed values, drawn from observed data points that closely match randomly selected donor candidates, are reasonably well distributed across the explanatory variables with missing data points. The blue dots indicate that the data points are from the original data set while the red dots are illustrative of the imputed values.

stripplot(mice.imputation,
pch=16)

As there are 30 imputed data sets with 30 iterations each, visually inspecting a convergence plot as well as assessing regression model pooled statistics and assumptions would likely strengthen interpretations on the validity and reliability of the imputed values.

Evidence of weaving is exhibited with no identifiable trend; the samples oscillate between the narrow parameter ranges (mean and standard deviation) suggesting that there is limited drift or volatility over the iterations. A sufficient number of iterations were formulated in order for the algorithm to settle into a stable imputation distribution.

To further assess the performance of the selected imputation technique, a pooled adjusted r-squared estimate, confidence interval and fraction of missing information are useful metrics to view.

plot(mice.imputation,
     lwd = 2)

The pooled adjusted R² from the regression models is 4.15%, with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 3.46% to 4.90%. The fraction of missing information (fmi) is 6.10%%. As the data is quite complex, a low adjusted R² statistic is not irregular. Although the predictors limitedly explain variance in song popularity, the confidence interval is relatively narrow which suggests that the estimate is fairly precise. Furthermore, the impact of the missing data does not significantly affect the predictive power of the regression model as the percentage is less than 10 percent. To predict song popularity an explanatory model that accounts for the data set’s uncertainty is preferential.

reg.models.mice <- with(mice.imputation,
                      lm(song_popularity ~ Duration_ms + Acousticness + Danceability + Energy + 
                           Instrumentalness + Key + Liveness + Loudness + Audio_mode + Speechiness + 
                           Tempo + Time_signature + Audio_valence))

pool.r2 <- pool.r.squared(reg.models.mice, adjusted = TRUE)

pool.r2
##                est      lo 95      hi 95        fmi
## adj R^2 0.04151388 0.03459988 0.04899842 0.06071609

To select the imputed data set for model building and song popularity predictions, the individual adjusted r-squared values are arranged and output to identify the regression model that would most optimally compute predictions. Thereafter, residual plots are created to examine the identified model’s regression assumptions and Variation Inflation Factor (VIF) values are output to assess multicolleniarty.

adjr2 <- numeric(mice.imputation$m)

for (i in 1:mice.imputation$m) {
  imputation.data <- complete(mice.imputation, action = i)
  
  model <- lm(song_popularity ~ Duration_ms + Acousticness + Danceability + Energy + 
                Instrumentalness + Key + Liveness + Loudness + Audio_mode + Speechiness + 
                Tempo + Time_signature + Audio_valence, data = imputation.data)
  
  adjr2[i] <- summary(model)$adj.r.squared
}

adjr2.df <- as.data.frame(adjr2) 

adjr2.df$Imputation <- c(1:15)

adjr2.df <- adjr2.df |>
  group_by(adjr2, Imputation) |>
  arrange(desc(adjr2)) |>
  rename(`Adjusted R-Squared` = adjr2) 

kable(adjr2.df)
Adjusted R-Squared Imputation
0.0434561 5
0.0430173 6
0.0427619 4
0.0425965 14
0.0424533 15
0.0423785 14
0.0422199 10
0.0421886 8
0.0421707 2
0.0421636 13
0.0417149 2
0.0416013 6
0.0415208 13
0.0415182 15
0.0414835 9
0.0414294 11
0.0413777 11
0.0413607 3
0.0413326 5
0.0411140 1
0.0411122 7
0.0409613 10
0.0408558 7
0.0407051 3
0.0406940 8
0.0405770 12
0.0404862 1
0.0403458 12
0.0402751 4
0.0396702 9

The residuals appear to be clustered across the Residuals vs Fitted, Scale-Location and Residuals vs Leverage plots therefore constant variance is unlikely. Considering the size of the data set, the distribution of values above and below the mean are relatively proportionate which suggests that the constant mean of zero assumption may uphold. However, as the residuals deviate from the diagonal line of the Q-Q plot, the values are unlikely normally distributed.

par(mfrow=c(2,2))

plot(reg.models.mice$analyses[[5]], pch=16)

Evaluating VIF values for each independent variable adequately determines the presence of multicollinearity. A VIF value greater than 5 is indicative of high multicollinearity whereas values that are greater than 1 and less than or equal to 5 suggest a moderate correlation with other covariates.

The VIF results show no evidence of problematic multicollinearity. All the adjusted GVIF values are below 2 therefore the existing correlations are not enough to distort model estimation.

vif(reg.models.mice$analyses[[5]])
##                      GVIF Df GVIF^(1/(2*Df))
## Duration_ms      1.050171  1        1.024778
## Acousticness     2.005283  1        1.416080
## Danceability     1.464749  1        1.210268
## Energy           3.731854  1        1.931801
## Instrumentalness 1.253455  1        1.119578
## Key              1.138749 11        1.005923
## Liveness         1.060145  1        1.029633
## Loudness         2.933850  1        1.712849
## Audio_mode       1.107422  1        1.052341
## Speechiness      1.129674  1        1.062861
## Tempo            1.068641  1        1.033751
## Time_signature   1.117127  2        1.028077
## Audio_valence    1.399873  1        1.183162

All the missing values have been resolved.

data.cleaned3 <- complete(mice.imputation, action = 5)

kable(miss_var_summary(data.cleaned3))
variable n_miss pct_miss
song_popularity 0 0
Duration_ms 0 0
Acousticness 0 0
Danceability 0 0
Energy 0 0
Instrumentalness 0 0
Key 0 0
Liveness 0 0
Loudness 0 0
Audio_mode 0 0
Speechiness 0 0
Tempo 0 0
Time_signature 0 0
Audio_valence 0 0

The MICE imputation has a consistent distribution shape with the original distribution.

## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.

Artificial Neural Network Model Building

Train and test sets are split into two, and stratified sampling is used as a response variable.

set.seed(202454419)

song.pop.split <- initial_split(
  data.cleaned3, 
  prop = 0.8, 
  strata = song_popularity
  )

song.pop.train <- training(song.pop.split)

song.pop.test <- testing(song.pop.split)

A 5-fold cross validation is created for parameter tuning.

cross.val.folds <- vfold_cv(song.pop.train, 
                            v = 5,
                            strata = song_popularity)

An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model expects numeric variables. Input data are processed as vectors of numbers. Therefore, the predictors Key, Time Signature and Audio Mode ought to be transformed to numeric variables as factors do not have an inherent numerical meaning.

To address skewed numeric data, YeoJohnson transformation is included in the ANN recipe to help form a symmetric distribution. Moreover, to better prepare the data for ANN modelling all the explanatory variables need to be normalised. Normalisation ensures that each independent variable equally contributes to model performance by preventing bias towards variables with a larger magnitude. Moreover, the convergence speed during training is improved.

The selected gradient optimisation algorithm to minimise the loss function through consistent penalties of large parameters controls the likelihood of overfitting. Similarly, the likelihood of an underfitting model due to vanishing gradients is stabalised.

nnet.recipe <- recipe(song_popularity ~ Duration_ms + Acousticness + Danceability + Energy + 
                          Instrumentalness + Key + Liveness + Loudness + Audio_mode + Speechiness + 
                          Tempo + Time_signature + Audio_valence, data = song.pop.train) |> 
  step_YeoJohnson(all_numeric_predictors()) |>
  step_dummy(all_nominal_predictors()) |>
  step_normalize(all_predictors())

The ANN model specifications are an nnet engine and the hyperparameters are hidden units, penalty and epochs.

nnet.spec <- mlp(hidden_units = tune(), penalty = tune(), epochs = tune()) |>
  set_engine("nnet", MaxNWts = 2600) |>
  set_mode("regression")
nnet.wflow <-
  workflow() |>
  add_model(nnet.spec) |>
  add_recipe(nnet.recipe)

The model metrics selected for parameter tuning include residual mean squared error (RMSE) and adjusted r-squared (R²). RMSE captures the difference between a predicted value and true value while R² is indicative of the extent to which the explanatory variables account for influences on a response variable. Both values are useful for measuring the predictive power of a model.

mod.metrics <- metric_set(rmse, rsq)

To tune the ANN model’s three parameters, racing method and 40 grid points are utlisied.

system.time(nnet.race <- nnet.wflow |>
              tune_race_anova(
                cross.val.folds,
                grid = 40,
                metrics = mod.metrics,
                control = control_race(verbose_elim = TRUE)
              )
)
## ℹ Evaluating against the initial 3 burn-in resamples.
## → A | warning: !  The following column has zero variance so scaling cannot be used:
##                  Time_signature_X1.
##                ℹ Consider using ?step_zv (`?recipes::step_zv()`) to remove those columns
##                  before normalizing.
## 
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## ℹ Racing will minimize the rmse metric.
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##    user  system elapsed 
## 386.983   1.931 389.312

The combination of model parameters with the best residual mean squared error have 1,2 or 6 hidden units, penalty terms that range between 0.00000002030918 and 0.05223345, and epoch values that vary from as few as 10 to as many as 695.

show_best(nnet.race, metric = "rmse")|>
  select(-.estimator, -n, -.config, -.metric)
## # A tibble: 5 × 5
##   hidden_units      penalty epochs  mean std_err
##          <int>        <dbl>  <int> <dbl>   <dbl>
## 1            1 0.0000438       238  20.6  0.0931
## 2            2 0.0522          365  20.7  0.0932
## 3            1 0.00492         695  20.7  0.0996
## 4            6 0.000000119      10  20.7  0.0734
## 5            1 0.0000000203    390  20.7  0.110

A visualisation of relative feature importance in predicting song popularity shows that the three pivotal predictors are Loudness, Instrumentalness and Energy .

best.rmse <- nnet.race |> 
  select_best(metric = "rmse")

final.nnet.wflow <- nnet.wflow |>
  finalize_workflow(best.rmse) 
 
final.nnet.fit <- final.nnet.wflow |>
  fit(data.cleaned3)
## Warning: !  The following column has zero variance so scaling cannot be used:
##   Time_signature_X1.
## ℹ Consider using ?step_zv (`?recipes::step_zv()`) to remove those columns
##   before normalizing.
explainer.reg <- explain_tidymodels(
  final.nnet.fit,
  data = data.cleaned3 |> 
    select(-song_popularity), 
  y = data.cleaned3 |> 
    select(song_popularity),
    label = "Regression",
    verbose = FALSE
  )

model.feat.reg <- model_parts(explainer.reg)
plot(model.feat.reg)

Partial Dependency profiles (PDPs) and Accumulated Local Effects (ALE) offer valuable insights into how various music production features influence the popularity of a song. ALE in particular exhibits more robust profiles as nearest neighbours are accounted for which consider the effect of multicolleniarity. Although the consequences of correlation on song popularity predictions are marginal as noted by the computed VIF values, relative changes over a normalised scale are considered.

Based on the ANN algoritm, an increase in a track’s energy which reflects a songs intensity and activity, is associated with a steady decline in popularity. This suggests that lower energy songs may be more frequently streamed on Spotify. Similarly, as the instrumentalness of a song increases, song popularity initially dips and minimally declines thereafter. There is a clear distinction regarding vocal preference. Listeners likely engage with music that has clear vocal content. As audible vocals taper song popularity songs minimally diverge. In contrast, loudness appears to have a positive relationship with a track’s popularity. As loudness increases, song popularity equally increases, with a notable rise around -15 dB. This may indicate the presence of an amplitude “sweet spot” that appeals to keen listeners.

pdp <- model_profile(
  explainer.reg,
  N = 100,
  variables = c("Energy", "Loudness", "Instrumentalness", "Danceability", "Audio_valence")
)

par(mfrow = c(1, 1))
plot(pdp) +
  ggtitle("Partial local profiles")

adp <- model_profile(
  explainer.reg,
  type = "accumulated",
  N = 100,
  variables = c("Energy", "Loudness", "Instrumentalness", "Danceability", "Audio_valence")
)

plot(adp) +
  ggtitle("Accumulated local effects")